Bharatendu Harishchandra: The Father of Modern Hindi Literature
Bharatendu Harishchandra, born in 1850 in Varanasi, is often called the Father of Modern Hindi Literature. His contributions to Hindi poetry, prose, and drama shaped the language and gave it a new identity in the 19th century. He was a pioneer who blended traditional themes with contemporary issues, making literature more relatable to the common people.
Early Life and Influences
Bharatendu was born into a well-known family in Varanasi, a city deeply rooted in literature, music, and spirituality. His father, Gopal Chandra, was a poet himself, which exposed young Bharatendu to literature from an early age. Tragedy struck him early in life when he lost both his parents while still a teenager. However, this personal loss did not deter him; instead, it deepened his engagement with literature and the social issues of his time.
Bharatendu lived during a period of significant change in India. The British had firm control over the country, and Indian society was struggling with issues like poverty, illiteracy, and colonial exploitation. These influences can be seen in his works, where he often voiced concerns about the economic and social struggles of Indians.
Contributions to Hindi Literature
At a time when Hindi was not considered a major literary language, Bharatendu took it upon himself to give it a new identity. He believed that Hindi should be the language of the people and should be enriched with new ideas and forms of expression. His works played a crucial role in modernizing Hindi and making it a powerful medium of communication.
One of his most important contributions was his role in developing modern Hindi drama. Before him, most plays were written in Sanskrit or Persian, which limited their reach. Bharatendu wrote plays in Hindi, making them accessible to the general public. His dramas, such as Andher Nagari, Bharat Durdasha, and Harishchandra, dealt with issues like corruption, oppression, and patriotism.
He was also a great poet. His poetry was emotional and deeply connected to the social and political environment of his time. He wrote about love, nature, devotion, and patriotism, touching the hearts of many. His famous lines “Bharatendu kehte hain, sadhu yah desh hamara hai” (Bharatendu says, this country belongs to us saints) reflect his deep love for India.
A Social Reformer Through Literature
Bharatendu did not just write for artistic pleasure; he used literature as a tool for social change. His writings often exposed the exploitation and injustice faced by Indians under British rule. He criticized the economic policies of the British, which led to famine and suffering. His play Bharat Durdasha (India’s Misery) openly condemned British exploitation and became an inspiration for many freedom fighters.
He also advocated for education, especially for women, at a time when female literacy was almost non-existent. Through his essays and plays, he encouraged people to educate their daughters and give them equal opportunities.
Apart from plays and poems, he contributed significantly to Hindi journalism. He edited and published several magazines and newspapers, including Harishchandra Magazine, Kavi Vachan Sudha, and Bal Vodhini. These publications promoted Hindi literature and spread awareness about important social and political issues.
Legacy and Impact
Bharatendu’s impact on Hindi literature is immeasurable. His efforts helped Hindi emerge as a strong literary language, paving the way for future writers. Many later poets and playwrights were inspired by his works and continued the literary movement he started.
In recognition of his immense contribution, the Government of India established the Bharatendu Harishchandra Award for excellence in Hindi literature. His birthplace, Varanasi, still honors his memory, and scholars continue to study his works.
Bharatendu Harishchandra was not just a writer; he was a visionary who used his pen to awaken society. His words still resonate today, reminding us of the power of literature in shaping a nation’s destiny.
